Photovoltaic energy in Sweden
General
In
the EU-directive 2001/77/EG for RES, the indicative target of the
electricity consumption in Sweden should increase from 49.1% in 1997 to
60% in 2010. That means 16 TWh of new RES. Although
wind power today supplies less than 1% of Sweden’s total electricity
production, it has the potential to supply a considerably greater share, making it an area of political priority. In Bill No.
2001/02:143, Cooperation for Reliable, Effective and Environmentally
Friendly Electricity Production, the Swedish Parliament has set a
national planning target of 10 TWh of electricity from wind power by
2015. Instructed by the Government, the Swedish Energy Agency has
proposed a new planning target of 30 TWh of wind power production in
2020. Of this, 20 TWh should be onshore, and 10 TWh offshore. This will
necessitate an increase in the number of wind power plants from less
than 1000 to 3000–6000.
Swedish RES-E policy is
composed of the following mechanisms:
- Tradable Green Certificates
were introduced in 2003. The Renewable Energy with green certificates bill that
came into force on 1 January 2007 shifts the quota obligation from electricity
users to electricity suppliers. Its objective is to increase the
production of electricity from renewable energy sources and peat by 17 TWh by
2016 relative to the production level in 2002. Plants commissioned after the
start of the electricity certificate system are entitled to receive electricity
certificates for 15 years, or until the end of 2030, whichever is the earlier.
- The environmental premium
tariff for wind power is a transitory measure and will be progressively phased
out by 2009 for onshore wind.
Biomass is a traditional and
increasingly important energy source in Sweden. Government policies,
especially CO2 taxation on fossil fuels first imposed in 1990, have strongly
contributed to this increase.
According to the Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources the
target for the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption
of energy in the year 2020 for Sweden is 49% (in the year 2005 the share was
39.8%). The Directive has a mandatory 10 % target for transport to be achieved
by all Member States, which refers to renewable sources as a whole, not biofuels
alone.
Renewable energy projections according to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan for Sweden
The
National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Sweden was submitted
in July 2010. The target according to Annex I of Directive 2009/28/EC
is 49% for the year 2020 and the projected NREAP share in that year is
50.2%. According to the projection, the most important contribution in
the year 2020 is expected from biomass (renewable heating and cooling)
(9491 ktoe, 48% of all renewable energy). Second important contribution
is expected from hydropower (68.0 TWh or 5847 ktoe, 30% of all
renewable energy). The third largest contribution is from biomass
(renewable electricity) (16.7 TWh or 1435 ktoe, 7% of all renewable
energy). Wind power contributes with 4.5 GW (12.5 TWh) in the year 2020
(onshore wind 4.4 GW and 12.0 TWh, offshore wind 0.2 GW and 0.5 TWh).
For solar photovoltaic the 2020 contribution is projected to be 8 MW (4
GWh). For solar thermal the 2020 contribution is projected to be 6
ktoe. The two most important biofuels are projected to contribute 251
ktoe (biodiesel) and 465 ktoe (bioethanol / bio-ETBE) by 2020. The
renewable electricity production from solid biomass amounts to 16.6 TWh
(1430 ktoe) and for biogas it is expected to be 0.1 TWh (5 ktoe). The
consumption of renewable heat is expected to amount to 9415 ktoe for
solid biomass and 11 ktoe for biogas.
Renewable Electricity:
photovoltaic energy (PV)
The
market for PV in Sweden is dominated by domestic stand-alone PV
systems. The majority of these systems are small and predominantly used
to supply electricity to recreational homes where grid connection is
unavailable. Apart from the off-grid domestic market, there are some
off-grid non-domestic systems, supplying electricity for
telecommunication systems, light-houses, etc., and a few grid-connected
systems. The grid-connected systems are mostly demonstration projects intended to demonstrate
the PV technology in general or to conduct research.
The electricity
certificate system was introduced in 2003 and will be valid until the
end of 2030. All technologies (wind, solar, geothermal, biogas,
biomass, hydro, wave energy) used in generation of RES-E are eligible
for the quota system. Norway and Sweden have agreed to aim for a joint
green electricity certificate market from 1 January 2012. The Renewable
Energy with green certificates bill that came into force on 1
January
2007 shifts the quota obligation from electricity users
to electricity
suppliers. Each electricity certificate correspond to 1 MWh of produced
and metered electricity from any RES, or even from peat. A certificate
can be sold to provide additional revenue over and above that from the
sale of the electricity.
The current aim of the system is to increase
the level
of renewable electricity with 17 TWh in 2016 relative to the
2002-level. A new production unit can receive certificates only for a
period of 15 years.
Annual
average price of a spot electricity certificate in 2007 was 195.40 SEK
(21.02 EUR), in 2008 and 2009 (January-September) 247.21 SEK (25.74
EUR) and 289.71 SEK (27.05 EUR), respectively. Trading in electricity
certificates can be also carried out in the form of forward
contracts. The annual average forward price of electricity
certificates in 2008 for delivery of certificate in 2009 was 338.30 SEK
(35.22 EUR) and for delivery in 2010 344.91 SEK (35.91 EUR).
Accordingly, the average price of electricity certificates in 2009
(January-September) for delivery of certificate in 2010 was 321.29 SEK
(30,00 EUR) and for its delivery in 2011 was 323.25 SEK (30.18 EUR). At
present solar electricity contributes only a marginal quantity
of energy within the certificate system.
Regulation No.
2009:689 on State Subsidies for solar-PV buildings forecasts support
for solar energy development. Support is limited to actions commenced
on or after 1 July 2009 and completed by 31 December 2011. This
regulation is appointed to reach an annual electricity production
increase from solar cells with at least 2.5 GWh during the subsidy
period. The aid may not exceed 60% of the eligible costs (planning and
labor costs, costs of materials) and for large companies, aid may not
exceed 55% of the eligible costs. Generally, the subsidy must not
exceed 2 million SEK (0.19 million EUR) per photovoltaic systems or
solar electricity and solar thermal hybrid systems.
The Swedish Energy
Agency provides funding for PV research, cost-shared technological
development, demonstration and business development. The budget for PV
is in the range of 2 to 2.5 M€ per year.
Future programme changes
expected
No information available.
Sources
Interactive EurObserv’ER Database, http://www.eurobserv-er.org, version
2007
Swedish Energy Agency: The electricity certificate system: The
electricity certificate system 2008
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable
sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC
and 2003/30/EC (Entry into force on June 25th, 2009), download from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009L0028:EN:NOT
Renewable energy policy; country profiles (Re-Shaping). Based on information available in October 2009, http://www.reshaping-res-policy.eu, 2009
Regulation No. 2009:689 on State Subsidies for Solar Cells: http://www.riksdagen.se/webbnav/index.aspx?nid=3911&bet=2009:689
The National Renewable Energy Action
Plans (NREAPs) are all published on the Transparency Platform on
Renewable Energy: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm
(sourced July - December 2010)
Renewable Energy Projections as Published in the National Renewable
Energy Action Plans of the European Member States, http://www.ecn.nl/nreap
(sourced December 2010)
Interactive EurObserv’ER Database
http://www.eurobserv-er.org
Last update: March 2011
This information canbe referenced without permission provided that the
source is mentioned completely and correctly: 'Interactive EurObserv'ER
Database, http://www.eurobserv-er.org (date of last update)'
Suggestions for improvements to the policy description can be sent to
EurObserv'ER by e-mail: project@eurobserv-er.org
The EurObserv'ER barometer is a project supported by the European
Commission within the DG ENER 'Intelligent Energy Europe' programme and
by Ademe, the French Environment and Energy management Agency. The
EurObserv'ER Barometer is the result of the investigation and research
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